Integrated Thermal Management System

The chill plate alone couldn't achieve optimal thermal management, as the coolant's heat needed to be dissipated before re-entering. Air-cooled radiators were ineffective due to the small temperature difference with ambient. A refrigerant-to-liquid heat exchanger (chiller) cooled the coolant, while a high-voltage heater heated it for cold temperatures. A valve-directed coolant flow to the battery, cabin, or both, depending on cooling/heating needs. The same high-voltage AC compressor was used for both battery and cabin cooling, splitting refrigerant between the HVAC system and chiller, ensuring effective thermal management for Kindred EVs.